Practical Heat Transfer

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CHAPTER 4 - THERMAL DESIGN MARGINS FOR HEAT EXCHANGERS

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4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 TERMINOLOGY

4.3 REASONS FOR SPECIFYING A DESIGN MARGIN

4.3.1 Instantaneous Rates

4.3.2 Future Uprating

4.3.3 Plant upsets

4.3.4 Process Control

4.3.5 Uncertainties in properties

4.3.6 Uncertainties in design methods

4.3.7 Fouling

4.4 COMBINATION OF DESIGN MARGINS

4.5 CRITICAL AND NON CRITICAL DUTIES

4.5.1 General

4.5.2 Penalties of Over-Design

4.6 OPTIMISATION OF EXCHANGER DUTY

4.7 WAYS OF PROVIDING DESIGN MARGINS

4.7.1 The provision of excess surface

4.7.2 Decreasing the design temperature difference

4.7.3 Increasing the design process throughput

4.7.4 Increasing the design fouling resistance

4.7.5 Reducing the design process outlet temperature approach

4.7.6 Adjusting the physical properties

4.8 ACCURACY OF THE DESIGN METHODS FOR SHELL AND TUBE EXCHANGERS

4.8.1 Pressure Drop

4.8.1.1 Tube-side flow

4.8.1.1 Shell-side flow

4.8.2 Heat Transfer

4.8.2.1 Tube side

4.8.2.2 Shell side

4.9 SUGGESTED MARGINS

4.9.1 No Phase Change duties

4.9.2 Condensers

4.9.3 Boilers

4.10 EFFECT OF UNDER- OR OVER-SURFACE ON PERFORMANCE

REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 4

ISBN 1-56700-216-1