Toshitsugu Hara
Department of Systems Engineering, Nippon Institute of Technology Miyashiro, Saitama, 345-8501 Japan
Koichi Shibata
Development Dept., Tochigi Works, Hitachi Ltd., 800 Ohira-machi, shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi, 329-44 Japan
Shigeki Tohnosu
Energy Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd., 1168 Moriyama-cho, Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki, 316,Japan
Kunio Hijikata
Department of Mechano-Aerospace Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
Natural convection heat transfer is widely used in many applications of beat exchangers and cooling of electronic equipment. It does not employ electric fans or any moving parts. It's valuable characteristics include high reliability, low noise and no need of an additional power source. Heat transfer coefficient of natural convection, however, is significantly lower than that of forced convection, and is limited to cases of relatively low heat flux.